PCOS Glossary

This page contains a list of terms and definitions that you may find helpful or interesting.

Acanthosis Nigricans

A skin disorder marked by increased pigmentation or color, most frequently tan to dark brown or black, and most commonly seen on the back of the neck and in skin creases under arms, breasts, between the thighs and occasionally on the hands, elbows and knees. The darkened skin usually has a thickening described as velvety or rough to the touch and is a common symptom of PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome).

Acne

Another PCOS symptom, this skin condition linked to additional oil production in the hair follicle stimulated by overproduction of androgens (male hormones).

Acrochordons

Also known as "skin tags", tiny flaps of skin under the arms, around the neck or in the groin region are commonly found on PCOS sufferers.

Actos (pioglitazone hydrochloride)

A drug that decreases insulin resistance in peripheral and hepatic tissue; it is in a class of anti-diabetic drugs called "thiazolidinediones" that are used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

Adhesion

Web-like growths of scar tissue that bind any of the pelvic organs to one another. This may be caused by surgery, injury or endometriosis and commonly causes pelvic pain.

Adrenal glands

Located above each kidney, adrenal glands are comprised of an outer wall (cortex) that secretes important steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, estrone) and an inner portion (medulla) that produces epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. These hormones influence many vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, the way the body uses food, adapts to stress and expresses sexual characteristics.

Adrenocortical hormones

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; e.g., cortisol, aldosterone and androgens (testosterone).

Aldactone (spironolactone)

A potassium sparing diuretic used in hirsutism, PCOS, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, kidney disease, hypertension and in resistant cases of low potassium (hypokalemia). It is also used to counteract the effects of excessive adrenal aldosterone production (as from an adrenal tumor) which influences sodium retention, potassium excretion and blood volume.

Alopecia

Baldness; this condition entails loss of hair, complete or partial, resulting from aging, genetic expression or some type of disease process. Male pattern baldness is a symptom of PCOS.

Alzheimer's disease

A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function including memory and language. It is the most well known type of dementia.

Amenorrhea

The absence of a menstrual cycle; either primary (failure to begin menstruating by age 16) or secondary (no menstrual cycle for 3 or more months in women who previously had a menstrual cycle).

Androgenic

Pertaining to the development of male characteristics, including body hair, the genital organs and muscle mass.

Androgens

A generic term for compounds such as steroid hormones (testosterone) associated with the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics.

Androstenedione

An androgenic steroid produced by the testis, adrenal cortex and ovary. Androstenedione can be converted metabolically to testosterone and estrone (estrogen pathway).

Anemia

A low red blood cell count. This is caused by heavy menstrual bleeding or other blood loss. The most obvious symptom is fatigue.

Anesthetic

Drugs used to prevent pain during surgery or other procedures. A general anesthetic makes the person unconscious. A local anesthetic numbs the area where the surgery is to be performed. Local anesthetics may be combined with sedatives to make a person relaxed and sleepy but not unconscious.

Anovulation

The absence of ovulation.

Antral Follicle Cound

Resting follicles that are found on the ovary at the beginning of each menstrual cycle. They are approximately 2?8 mm in size. These can be an indication of the ovarian reserve of a woman. A high antral follicle count indicates that a woman has a large number of eggs remaining in her ovary, and sometimes PCOS. Low antral follicle counts show the opposite, that a woman may have a reduced number of eggs and therefore reduced fertility. Doctors can determine the number of antral follicles through a transvaginal ultrasound.

Arteriosclerosis

Literally the hardening and thickening of the arteries. This condition, divided into three distinct variants, can occur due to build up of fat deposits (plaque) on the inner walls of arteries (atherosclerosis), calcification of the wall of the arteries (Monckeberg?s medial calcific sclerosis), or thickening of the muscular wall of small arteries and arterioles (arteriolosclerosis).

Assisted Hatching (AH)

Assisted hatching occurs in the lab prior to the embryo transfer. Before the embryo can implant in the uterine wall, it must break out of its membrane. In some women, particularly older women, this membrane has become hardened, making it difficult for the embryo to hatch and implant. The technician will use a laser or a mild acid to thin the shell which then helps in the hatching.

Atherosclerosis

A form of arteriosclerosis that occurs when fatty deposits called plaque cling to the interior walls of the arteries causing narrowing and blockages which can lead to heart attacks, stroke and embolism.

Autoimmune disease

Illness that occurs when body tissues are attacked by their own immune system. It is felt that estrogen in females may influence the immune system to predispose some women to autoimmune diseases. Examples of autoimmune diseases include Juvenile (Type I) Diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease, vitiligo, pernicious anemia and pulmonary fibrosis.

Avandia (rosiglitazone maleate)

A drug that increases insulin sensitivity, it is in a class of anti-diabetic drugs called "thiazolidinediones" that are used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

5 Alpha Reductase

An enzyme responsible for converting the hormone testosterone into its more active form, dihydrotestosterone.

Benign

An abnormal growth that is not cancerous and will not spread to other areas of the body or threaten a persons' health or life.

Biguanides (metformin)

A class of drugs used to treat Type 2 Diabetes that affects production and absorption of glucose and insulin response.

Bio-identical hormones

A hormone that is biochemically and molecularly identical to the human hormone form and has been derived from plants.

Birth control

Birth control is the use of any practices, methods, or devices to prevent pregnancy from occurring in a sexually active woman. Birth control is also referred to as family planning, pregnancy prevention, fertility control, or contraception. Birth control methods are designed either to prevent fertilization of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

Blood glucose

The main sugar that the body makes from food. It is carried through the blood stream to provide energy to all cells in the body.

Blood lipids

Lipids (fats in the blood), along with carbohydrates and proteins, are the main components of plant and animal cells. Lipids are easily stored in the body and serve as a source of fuel for energy production. Both cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids.

Blood pressure

A measurement of force and tension relating to the heart and vessels as blood is pumped to the body from the heart. The first number in a blood pressure reading, systolic, measures pressure when the heart contracts while the second number, diastolic, measures pressure when the heart relaxes.

Blood sugar

Also known as blood glucose, the main sugar that the body makes from food. It is carried through the blood stream to provide energy to all cells in the body.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A key index for relating a person's body weight to their height. The body mass index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms (kg) divided by their height in meters (m) squared. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now defines normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to the BMI rather than the traditional height/weight charts. Overweight is defined as a BMI of 27.3 % or more for women and 27.8 % or more for men, according to the NIH.

Botanical therapies

Therapies that use plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes, particularly those that aren?t part of our usual diet.

CMP (Comprehensive Metabolic Panel)

A group of 14 tests that provide important information about the status of kidneys, liver, electrolyte and acid/base balance, blood sugar and blood proteins. A broad screening tool, the CMP is also used to monitor complications of diseases or side effects of some medications.

C-reactive protein (CRP)

One of the plasma proteins known as acute-phase proteins: proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (or decrease) by 25% or more during inflammatory disorders. CRP is a test of value in medicine, reflecting the presence and intensity of inflammation although an elevation in C-reactive protein is not the absolute diagnostic sign of any one condition. Inflammation is believed to play a major role in the development of coronary artery disease; markers of inflammation have been tested in respect to heart health. In a recent study, CRP was found to be the only marker of inflammation that independently predicts the risk of a heart attack.

Cancer

An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to spread (metastasize).

Carbohydrates

Primarily sugars and starches which constitute one of the three principal types of nutrients (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) used as energy sources (calories) by the body. Carbohydrates come in complex forms such as starches and fiber and simple forms such as sugars. Most sugars and starches are broken down by the body into glucose, a simple sugar that can be used to feed cells.

Cardiovascular Disease

A disease affecting the blood vessels or heart. Women with PCOS are at increased risk for early-onset cardiovascular disease.

Cesarean section

The surgical removal of an infant from the uterus. Also called a C-section.

Chaste tree berry (Vitex agnus-castus)

A plant traditionally thought to suppress sexual excitability (hence the name "chaste"), current and historical evidence supports use in menstrual irregularities, PMS, insufficient lactation and other conditions associated with prolactin, dopamine and indirectly, progesterone dysfunction.

Cholesterol

The body's most common type of steroid, it is crucial to the formation of Vitamin D, sex hormones (progesterone, estrogens and androgens), mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone) and glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) and bile acids (for digestion of fat). It is carried in the blood stream as lipoproteins, e.g. LDL (low density lipoproteins) and HDL (high density lipoproteins). Cholesterol is also essential for cell membrane function.

Chromium

A trace mineral considered essential to health, it is linked to the production of glucose tolerance factor (GTF) which affects insulin binding receptors and thus, stability of blood glucose levels. It is also involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

Chromium picolinate

A biologically active chromium salt containing three picolinic acid ligands that is used as a dietary supplement.

Cimetidine (Tagamet)

Cimetidine belongs to a class of medications called H2-blockers that inhibit the action of histamine on the stomach cells, thus reducing stomach acid production.

Clinical

Having to do with the examination and treatment of patients.

Clomid (clomiphene citrate, Serophene)

A drug used to treat infertility through its action on endocrine processes leading to ovulation.

Complication

In medicine, a complication is an additional problem that arises following a procedure, treatment or illness and is secondary to it.

Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease (or coronary artery disease) is the most common form of heart disease and affects the blood vessels (or coronary arteries) of the heart. It causes angina (chest pain) and heart attacks. High blood pressure and cholesterol, smoking, obesity and not being physically active all put individuals at risk for coronary heart disease.

Corpus Luteum

A section of the ovary that produces progesterone and some estrogen. When fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum provides the progesterone required until the placenta is formed.

cul-de-sac

A pouch formed by the space between the uterus and the rectum.

Cushing's syndrome

A complex condition caused by an excess of the hormone, cortisol. Common signs and symptoms include thinning of the skin, weakness, weight gain (especially in the trunk), easy bruising, hypertension, glucose intolerance, osteoporosis, facial puffiness and, in women, irregular menstrual cycles.

Cystic Ovaries

Ovaries with a "string of pearls" or "pearl necklace" appearance with many (poly) cysts or fluid filled sacs. Ovarian cysts can be detected with a pelvic ultrasound.

Cysts

Cysts are abnormal, closed sac-like structures within a tissue that contain a liquid, gaseous, or semisolid substance. Cysts can occur anywhere in the body and can vary in size. The outer, or capsular, portion of a cyst is termed the cyst wall.

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)

A steroid produced mostly in the adrenal glands from cholesterol which is converted to the sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone.

DHEA-S (Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate)

A metabolite of DHEA.

DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)

A byproduct of the hormone testosterone, DHT is responsible for the formation of male primary sex characteristics during the embryonic stage as well as most secondary sex characteristics in males at puberty and continues to be important to male sexual function throughout adult life.

Dermoid Cyst

A dermoid cyst is mainly fat but can also contain a mix of different tissues. They are often small and usually don’t cause symptoms. Very rarely, they become large and rupture, causing bleeding into the abdomen, which is a medical emergency.

Diabetes

Refers to Diabetes Mellitus and its two main but different forms: Type I Diabetes (requiring insulin and also called Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or IDDM) and Type 2 Diabetes (adult onset or Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or NIDDM). A chronic medical condition, Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), which result from defects in insulin secretion or action, or both. Normally blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, which lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose rises (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize levels. In patients with Diabetes Mellitus, the absence of or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia.

Diagnosis

The nature of a disease or the identification of an illness.

Dioxin

A toxic chemical found in some paper products, pesticide-treated food, leaded gas. Could be linked to endometriosis.

Disease

Illness or sickness often characterized by typical patient symptoms and physical signs.

Diuretic

Anything that promotes the formation of urine by the kidney.

Dutasteride (Advodart, Duogen)

A drug used in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which acts to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to its more active form, DHT.

Dyslipidemia

Blood lipid abnormalities that are diagnosed when LDL ("bad") cholesterol is high, HDL ("good") cholesterol is low, triglycerides are high or a combination of these factors.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful periods.

Dyspareunia

Painful sex.

Ectopic pregnancy

When an egg (ovum) is fertilized and begins to develop inside the fallopian tubes. This is a dangerous condition that can be fatal to a woman if left untreated.

Endocrine System

All of the human body's hormone-secreting glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands and gonads (ovaries and testes), their receptors and intracellular pathways.

Endocrinologist

A physician who specializes in the study of hormones, their receptors and the intracellular signaling pathways they invoke and the diseases and conditions associated with them.

Endometrial ablation

The removal of the endometrium (lining of the uterus) using one of various methods, including laser, microwave, electric current, or heated fluid and freezing. This treatment is for heavy menstrual bleeding in order to permanently stop menstruation and prevent future pregnancies.

Endometrial Biopsy

A test to detect precancerous cells by removing a tissue sample from the uterine lining (endometrial tissue) for laboratory analysis.

Endometrial Hyperplaysia

An overgrowth of the uterine lining (endometrial tissue).

Endometrium

The tissue that lines the uterus (womb). Cyclic hormonal changes influence the growth and subsequent shedding of endometrial tissue. Endometriosis is the growth of this tissue outside its normal confines.

Estradiol (Estrace, Climara, Estraderm, Menostar)

One of the main forms of estrogen, a sex hormone produced by the body, which influences reproduction and development of female secondary sex characteristics. Estradiol is also a medication prescribed for treatment of symptoms associated with menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness; dysfunctional (excessive and painful) uterine bleeding and contraception. The vaginal cream is prescribed for vaginal or vulvar atrophy associated with menopause. Its role in protecting against osteoporosis, heart disease and stroke is under question.

Estrogen

Female sex hormones (estrone, estradiol, estriol) that are formed in the ovary, the adrenal cortex, the testis and the foetoplacental unit with functions for both males and females. The estrogens play a role in reproduction and development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Estrone (E1)

A substance produced by the metabolism (metabolite) of estradiol (E2), a hormone synthesized primarily in the ovary.

Excision

The surgical removal of tissue.

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland, FSH is a hormone with receptors in the testis and ovary and regulates reproductive function by promoting sex steroid production in both males and females.

Fallopian tubes

Tubes through which the egg passes from the ovary to the uterus.

Fasting Blood Glucose

A test to determine if blood glucose (sugar) levels are within a normal range following an overnight fast.

Fertilization

This typically occurs in the fallopian tubes of a woman shortly after ovulation when sperm has been deposited into the reproductive tract. The fertilized egg then moves down the tube and implants into the uterus, initiating a pregnancy. Occasionally the fertilized egg will implant outside of the uterus, such as in the cervix or fallopian tube, which is known as an ectopic pregnancy.

Fetus

The unborn offspring from the end of the 8th week after conception (when the major structures have formed) until birth. Up until the eighth week, the developing offspring is called an embryo.

Fibrinolysis

The process of breaking down blood clots (fibrin) through the action of several different enzymes.

Finasteride (Proscar)

Finasteride inhibits the enzyme necessary for the conversion of testosterone to DHT in the prostate. It is used to lower blood and tissue DHT levels and helps reduce the size of the prostate gland. In lower doses, it is used to treat hair loss.

Fish Oil, omega-3

Essential fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found mainly in cold water fish and benefiting such conditions as macular degeneration, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, brain development in children and inflammatory conditions. Considered "essential" in that dietary intake is required.

Flaxseed

Flax is one of the world's oldest cultivated plants and researchers are currently investigating its many health benefits after discovering flaxseed can aid cancer prevention, cholesterol reduction and digestion. It also curbs appetite and helps to keep blood sugar stable. In addition to containing potassium, phosphorous, magnesium and calcium, its soluble and insoluble fibers promote intestinal health and regularity, due to its mild laxative effect. Like other sources of soluble fiber, it has been reported to also lower levels of LDL "bad" cholesterol. Flaxseed's most notable ingredient, lignans, are powerful antioxidants that are metabolized by bacteria in the colon into substances which possess anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties.

Follistim (follitropin beta)

A drug which uses the hormone, FSH, to stimulate ovarian follicular growth and treat infertility in women. It is used in combination with another hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), under careful patient monitoring.

Gland

A group of cells that secrete a substance for use in the body such as the thyroid gland. A gland could also be a group of cells that removes materials from the circulation such as the lymph gland.

Glitazones (pioglitazone hydrochloride)

The newest class of diabetes medications called the thiazolidinediones, which work by decreasing insulin resistance and increasing insulin sensitivity. Favorable effects on lipid levels (blood fats) in Type 2 Diabetes have been seen. Examples include Actos and Avandia.

Glucophage (metformin)

An oral medication that lowers blood glucose (sugar) by inhibiting production and absorption of glucose in the liver and intestine and promoting insulin sensitivity through peripheral uptake of glucose; used for treating Type 2 Diabetes.

Glucose

The simple sugar (monosaccharide) that serves as the chief source of energy in the body. Glucose is the principal sugar the body makes from proteins, fats and, in largest part, carbohydrates. Glucose is carried to each cell through the bloodstream. Cells, cannot use glucose without the help of insulin. Glucose is also called dextrose.

GnRH(gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

One of the hormones that regulates the female menstrual cycle.

GnRH agonists (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists)

A group of drugs, which reduce a woman's estrogen levels, used to treat endometriosis and reduce the size of fibroids. These drugs prevent ovulation and cause an artificial menopause. They may cause symptoms similar to menopause and can also cause bone mineral loss, which can eventually lead to osteoporosis. For these reasons, GnRH agonists are most often a temporary treatment, used to relieve symptoms until other approaches can take effect.

Granulosa cells

A layer of cells capable of releasing estrogen and forming the wall of an ovarian follicle.

HDL Cholesterol (High Density Lipoprotein)

Also known as the "good" cholesterol, high density lipoproteins transport cholesterol from the body's tissues to the liver so that it can be eradicated in the bile. Combinations of lipids (fats) and proteins, lipoproteins are the form in which lipids are transported in the blood. The greater the level of HDL cholesterol, the lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.

High Blood Pressure

Also known as hypertension; abnormally high pressure or tension measured as resistance in the arteries to the force of heart contractions resulting in pressure variances. Physical symptoms of high blood pressure may include sweating, palpitations, headaches, dizziness or weight loss.

Hirsutism

Excess hair growth on the face, chest, abdomen, thumbs or toes caused by overproduction or action of androgens (hormones influencing masculine characteristics i.e. testosterone). A symptom of PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome).

Hormone

A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs.

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG)

HMG is a naturally occurring hormone found in the urine of post menopausal women. It is collected, isolated and sterilized, then used in fertility treatment. It is mixture of lutenizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

Humegon (Menotropins-Injection)

A drug used in infertility treatment to induce ovarian follicular growth; requires subsequent use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce ovulation; also used to stimulate sperm production in men.

Hyperandrogenism

Increased levels of male sex hormones in women, specifically testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) leading to the development of masculine sex characteristics.

Hyperglycemia

Literally, too much (hyper) sugar (glykos) in the blood.

Hyperinsulimia

Elevated insulin in the blood.

Hyperlipidemia

High lipid (fat) levels in the blood.

Hypertension

Also known as high blood pressure; abnormally high pressure or tension measured as resistance in the arteries to the force of heart contractions resulting in pressure variances. Physical symptoms of high blood pressure may include sweating, palpitations, headaches, dizziness, or weight loss.

Hypertriglyceridemia

Abnormal elevation of triglycerides in the blood.

Hypothyroid

Deficiency of thyroid hormone which is normally made by the thyroid gland. This gland is located in the front of the neck.

Hysterectomy

The removal of the uterus. During a simple hysterectomy, only the uterus and cervix are removed. During a total hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed along with the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

Hysteroscopic resection

The removal of fibroids from the inner wall of the uterus, with a fiberoptic device called a hysteroscope.

IFG (impaired fasting glucose)

Fasting glucose measured in the blood at a value of 100 - 125 mg/dl; IFG is included in the term "Pre-Diabetes", a condition that occurs when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed with Diabetes.

IGT (impaired glucose tolerance)

The 2-hour blood glucose (measured 2 hours after drinking a solution of glucose) is between 140 and 199 mg/dl; also known as Pre-Diabetes

IVF (In vitro fertilization)

A procedure in which an unfertilized egg is placed in a Petri dish with sperm to attain fertilization. The embryo is either transferred to the uterus or frozen for future use.

Implants

Small, flat patches of endometrial-like cells growing outside the uterus.

Infertility

The inability to get pregnant after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term. PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) is the leading cause of infertility.

Insulin

A natural hormone made by the pancreas that controls the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Insulin acts to move glucose into the cells and out of the blood through insulin receptors on the cell.

Insulin Resistance

The diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin in transporting glucose (sugar) from the blood stream into muscle and tissue.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

A procedure where the embryologist directly injects a single sperm into the egg, therefore, causing fertilization. This may be helpful in cases where there is poor quality sperm from the male partner, or where there is an issue with the egg where fertilization can't occur due to changes in the membranes surrounding the egg.

Kidney

A pair of organs located in the right and left side of the abdomen which remove poisons from the blood. Regulates acid concentration and maintains water balance in the body by excreting urine. The kidneys are part of the urinary tract. The urine passes through connecting tubes called ureters into the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until it is released during urination.

LDL (Low-density lipoprotein

Lipoproteins are combinations of lipids (fats) and proteins and are the form in which lipids are transported in the blood.

LH (Lutenizing hormone)

One of several hormones produced in the anterior pituitary; in females associated with follicular maturation, onset of heat (or estrus) and egg release from the follicle. In males, it stimulates testosterone release from the testes.

Laparoscopy

A procedure that uses a fibreoptic device, called a laparoscope, to examine the inside of the pelvic cavity. The laparoscope is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen.

Laparotomy

Traditional abdominal surgery.

Leiomyomas

Medical term for fibroids.

Libido

Sex drive.

Lipid Profile

A group of tests often ordered to determine risk of coronary heart disease that includes total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride levels and lipid ratios.

Lupron (leuprolide acetate)

A pharmaceutical treatment which initially stimulates gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH produced in the hypothalamus) and with continuous therapeutic use acts to suppress sex steroid production in both the ovary and testes. Used in the treatment of precocious puberty in children.

Luteal phase

The second half of the menstrual cycle; the time between ovulation and onset of the next menses during which the corpus luteum develops and begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen and degenerates after 2 weeks in the absence of fertilization.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)

The generic name for the pharmaceutical drugs Provera, Cycrin and Amen. It acts to inhibit release of sex hormones influencing follicular growth and ovulation. Used in contraception.

Menstrual

Pertaining to menstruation (the menses), as in last menstrual period, menstrual cramps, menstrual cycle, and premenstrual syndrome.

Metabolic Syndrome

Also known as Syndrome X, a group of risk factors that substantially increase the chances of developing coronary artery disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Characterized by central or abdominal obesity, high blood lipids (mainly high triglycerides and low HDL) hypertension and fasting blood glucose >110 mg/dL.

Metformin (Glucophage)

An oral medication that lowers blood glucose (sugar) by inhibiting production and absorption of glucose in the liver and intestine and promoting insulin sensitivity through peripheral uptake of glucose; used for treating Type 2 Diabetes.

Miscarriage

The spontaneous ending of a pregnancy by loss of the baby before the 24th week of pregnancy.

Myomectomy

The surgical removal of a fibroid.

Natural Progesterone

Naturally occurring hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary to promote pregnancy and also by the adrenal cortex in the glucocorticoid pathway; bio-identical hormone synthesized from plant origin used in hormone replacement therapy.

Neuroendocrine

Of a hormonal substance that influences the action and mechanisms of nerves.

Norethindrone acetate (Norethindrone)

A drug which acts by inhibiting follicular growth and development and ovulation by suppressing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH). Indicated for the treatment of amenorrhea (secondary), endometriosis, and abnormal uterine bleeding which is due to hormonal imbalance.

Obesity

The state of being 20 per cent over one's ideal weight. Or, defined by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as having a BMI (Body Mass Index) of 30 (approximately 30 pounds) overweight. The BMI is a key for relating body weight to height and is based on a person's weight in kg divided by their height in meters squared. Obesity is frequently based on both behavior and genetics and increases significantly the risk of health problems such as Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, heart attack, stroke and certain types of cancer.

Oligomenorrhea

Infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods.

Oligoovulation

Ovulating infrequently or irregularly. A woman usually ovulates, or releases a mature egg once a month (about halfway through her cycle). Oligoovulation is seen in women with irregular cycles, or very long cycles (more then 50 days) and makes it very difficult to track their fertile days if trying to conceive.

Oral Contraceptives

Birth control pills containing some combination of synthetic estrogen and progestin to inhibit ovulation thereby preventing pregnancy.

Oral Glucose Tolerance

A test to determine if blood glucose (sugar) levels are within a normal range following a fasting state and at intervals following ingestion of a drink containing 75 grams of glucose.

Ovarian cysts (polycystic ovaries, endometriomas, dermoid cysts, cystadenomas, functional)

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs in the ovary usually resulting from the growth of a follicle (functional), a fluid-filled cyst that contains an egg. Any fluid-filled sac growing on or in the ovary.

Ovarian drilling

A laparoscopic procedure in which the ovary is punctured 4-10 times resulting in a lowering of male hormones. The treatment is often used on women with PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome).

Ovarian Wedge Resection

A surgical treatment for PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) whereby a section of the ovary containing cysts is removed.

Ovary

The female gonad. The ovary is one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) and female hormones. During each monthly menstrual cycle, an egg is released from one ovary. This egg then travels from the ovary through a fallopian tube to the uterus. The ovaries are the main source of female hormones, which control the development of female body characteristics (breasts, body shape, and body hair). These glands also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Ovulations

The release of the egg from the ovary. The egg is released when the cavity surrounding it breaks open in response to a hormonal signal. Ovulation occurs around fourteen or fifteen days from the first day of the woman's last menstrual cycle. When ovulation occurs, the ovum (egg) moves into the fallopian tube and then is available for fertilization.

Oxalate

A substance found in plant foods (including many vegetables). Some women eat a low oxalate diet to treat vulvodynia.

BCPs (polychlorinated biphenyls)

Highly toxic chemicals, now banned in Canada, but still present in the environment. They were once used in inks, paint, and as additives when making plastics.

Pancreas

A multifunctional organ in the human body that has both exocrine and endocrine secreting capabilities. Exocrine secretion is enzymes involved in digestion of proteins and fats while endocrine secretion involves the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptides among others.

Pelvic congestion

The dilation (swelling) of the veins in the pelvis, causing pressure and pain.

Perganol

Also called Repronex, one of a class of drugs called HMG (Human Menopausal Gonadotrophins) that stimulate the development and maturation of eggs in the ovaries. This drug is used in conjunction with HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) which induces ovulation of the matured egg. A common side effect is ovarian enlargement.

Peritoneum

A thin membrane that covers the pelvis and abdomen walls, as well as the pelvic organs.

Physiotherapist

A health professional that treats disease and injury using physical methods (exercise and massage).

Polycystic ovaries

A symptom of PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome). A condition whereby the ovaries contain at least ten cysts and are 1.5 to 3 times larger than normal ovaries.

Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)

Another name for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), in addition to Sclerocystic Ovarian Disease, Stein-Leventhal Syndrome and Chronic Anovulatory Syndrome. It is the most common female endocrine (hormonal) disorder and is characterized by multiple abnormal ovarian cysts. The classic triad of obesity, hirsutism and irregular anovulatory cycles occurs in only one third of women with PCOS.

Pre-Diabetes

A condition characterized by blood glucose (sugar) levels that are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of Diabetes.

Pregnancy (Pregnant)

The state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the female body.

Pregnyl

Also known by its generic name, Chorionic Gonadotropin, this drug is used as an intramuscular injection. HCG, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, is a hormone that stimulates the ovaries to produce progesterone and the testes to produce androgens. In some infertile women, it is used in combination with other medications to induce ovulation.

Profasi

See Pregnyl.

Progesterone

Progesterone is responsible for changes in the mucus and inner lining of the uterus. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for implantation of the embryo, and once an embryo implants in the endometrium, i.e., pregnancy occurs, progesterone helps maintain the pregnancy.

Progestins

Progestins are synthetic progesterone used in HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy). See Progesterone.

Prolactin

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates milk production, in addition to maintaining the body's immune system. High levels of prolactin inhibit the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary gland and therefore may interfere with ovulation, delay puberty and decrease fertility. Low prolactin may cause menstrual disorders and ultimately, insufficient lactation.

Prometrium

A "natural" progesterone, used in HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) that has been micronized or broken down for easier metabolizing. This synthetic progesterone is chemically identical to the progesterone made in the ovaries. See Progesterone.

Propecia

A medication used in men only to treat male pattern hair loss on the vertex (top of head) and anterior mid-scalp area (middle front of head). Propecia, also known as finasteride, inhibits the enzyme Type II 5-alpha reductase, which converts testosterone to its more potent relative, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Women are cautioned not to handle crushed or broken Propecia tablets when they are pregnant due to the risk to a male fetus.

Provera

See medroxyprogesterone acetate.

Radiation

Radiation is rays of energy. Gamma rays and X-rays are two of the types of energy waves often used in medicine to diagnose or treat disease.

Receptor

A protein molecule on the surface or within a cell that binds to a specific factor, such as a hormone, drug or antigen.

Reproductive age

The years which a woman is able to conceive a child, from her first period until the onset of menopause.

Resection

The surgical removal of an organ or other structure.

Retrograde Bleeding

The backward flow of menstrual discharge through the fallopian tubes into the pelvis, during a woman's period.

Rosiglitazone

A thiazolidinedione drug that improves the sensitivity of the body to insulin. It is used in the treatment of diabetes and is a treatment for the insulin resistance of PCOS. The brand name is Avandia.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Bariatric surgery that reduces the size of the stomach and causes poor absorption of calories, vitamins, and minerals. This procedure creates a pouch out of a small portion of the stomach and attaches it directly to the small intestine, bypassing a large part of the stomach and doudenum, or the initial portion of the small intestine.

SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin)

A protein that binds or attaches to a number of circulating hormones (e.g. testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol). Once the hormones are bound to it, SHBG regulates their presence in the blood stream and hence their activity. A decrease in SHBG indicates that a greater number of hormones are circulating in the blood stream thereby causing clinical symptoms of PCOS such as hair growth and male pattern baldness.

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)

A small palm native to the southeast U.S. recognized most for treating Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy in men. Recent research has shown saw palmetto to reverse hirsutism in females. The exact mechanism of action is unknown, although it may inhibit the enzyme 5-alpha reductase, which converts testosterone to its more potent relative, dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Sclerocystic Ovaries

Another name for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), along with Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), Stein-Leventhal Syndrome and Chronic Anovulatory Syndrome. It is the most common female endocrine (hormonal) disorder and is characterized by multiple abnormal ovarian cysts. The classic triad of obesity, hirsutism, and irregular anovulatory cycles occurs in only one third of women with PCOS.

Serophene (Clomiphene)

The brand name, along with Clomid, for a medication used to treat infertility. Clomid initiates a cascade of endocrine events which stimulates ovarian follicles and culminates in ovulation. Common side effects include enlarged ovaries, hot flashes, abdominal discomfort and visual disturbances.

Serum

The clear liquid that can be separated from clotted blood. Serum differs from plasma which is the liquid portion of normal unclotted blood containing the red and white cells and platelets. The clot is what makes the difference between serum and plasma.

Side effects

Problems that occur when treatment goes beyond the desired effect.

Sleep apnea

The stopping of breathing once or multiple times during sleep. Risk factors include certain physical characteristics (such as a large neck), smoking, alcohol use, obesity and diabetes. The last two which may account for the connection to PCOS. Sleep apnea is often the cause of snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, morning headaches and irritability.

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

See Aldactone.

Statins

A type of drug that lowers LDL ("bad" cholesterol) by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, the enzyme that manages the rate of cholesterol production. Statin drugs also enhance the capability of the liver to remove LDL-cholesterol already in the blood.

Stein-Leventhal Syndrome

Another name for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), in addition to Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), Sclerocystic Ovaries and Chronic Anovulatory Syndrome. It is the most common female endocrine (hormonal) disorder and is characterized by multiple abnormal ovarian cysts. The classic triad of obesity, hirsutism and irregular anovulatory cycles occurs in only one third of women with PCOS.

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)

A perennial herb with many medicinal uses. The root of Urtica dioica is used medicinally to increase SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin). This serves to decrease the activity of excess hormones in conditions like PCOS and BPH.

Stromal tissue

Connective tissue cells of an organ that comprise its supportive framework.

Surgery

It is the branch of medicine concerned with diseases and conditions which require or are amenable by operative procedures. It is the work perfomed by a surgeon.

Syndrome

A set of signs and symptoms that tend to occur together and which reflect the presence of a particular disease or an increased chance of developing a particular disease.

Syndrome X

Also known as Metabolic Syndrome, a group of risk factors that substantially increase the chances of developing coronary artery disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Characterized by central or abdominal obesity, high blood lipids (mainly high triglycerides and low HDL) hypertension and fasting blood glucose >110 mg/dL.

Testosterone

The most potent of natural male hormones (androgens) that promote the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone is also present in smaller amounts in females, where it is responsible for libido, energy, and mood. In women, testosterone is produced in the ovary, the adrenal glands and peripheral tissues. In men, testosterone is produced primarily in the testes.

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)

A new type of drug used to treat Type 2 Diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue (tissue comprised primarily of fat cells), liver and skeletal muscle. Examples include Avandia (rosiglitazone), Actos (pioglitazone), and Avandamet. Unlike other Diabetes drugs, these do not induce the pancreas to secrete more insulin.

Thyroid

Also known as the thyroid gland or pertaining to the thyroid gland. This gland is shaped like a shield.

Tomography

The process for generating a two-dimensional image of a slice or section through a three-dimensional object. Tomography achieves this remarkable result by simply moving an x-ray source in one direction as the x-ray film is moved in the opposite direction during the exposure to sharpen structures in the focal plane, while structures in other planes appear blurred. The tomogram is the picture. The tomograph is the apparatus. The tomography is the process.

Transvaginal surgery

Surgery where an incision is made inside the vagina. This type of surgery may be used to treat conditions that affect the bladder, such as cystocele or stress incontinence, or to remove a gallbladder.

Trigger

Something that either sets off a disease in people who are genetically predisposed to developing the disease, or that causes a certain symptom to occur in a person who has a disease.

Triglycerides

The major form of fat derived from food consumption. Triglycerides are also produced by the body. Elevated levels of triglycerides are associated with atherosclerosis.

Tumour

A mass of cells that may be benign or cancerous.

Type 2 Diabetes

Also known as insulin-resistant Diabetes, non-insulin dependent Diabetes, adult-onset Diabetes, late-onset Diabetes and maturity-onset Diabetes. This hyperglycemic condition occurs when insulin that is produced by the pancreas is unable to be used by the body due to the cells' resistance to insulin.

Ultrasound

A non-invasive diagnostic test using sound waves directed at a part of the body to create a picture of the organ's surface. Ultrasonography is also known as echography or sonography. A pelvic ultrasound is often used to diagnose PCOS.

Underweight

Weighing less than what is normal or healthy.

Urethral Syndrome

Pain and inflammation of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body).

Uterine

Involving the uterus, as in uterine cancer or a uterine fibroid.

Uterine Cancer

Cancer of the womb (the uterus). Also called endometrial cancer . Cancer of the uterus occurs most often in women between the ages of 55 and 70 years. It accounts for about 6 percent of cancer in women. Women at elevated risk for uterine cancer include those who are obese, who have few or no children, who began menstruating at a young age, who had a late menopause, and women of high socioeconomic status. It is thought that most of these risk factors are related to hormones, especially excess estrogen.

Uterosacral Ligaments

Ligaments that attach the uterus and cervix to the base of the spine.

Uterus

The uterus (womb) is a hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ located in a woman's lower abdomen above the vagina. The narrow, lower portion of the uterus is the cervix; the broader, upper part is the corpus. The corpus is made up of two layers of tissue.

Vertical Banded Gastroplasty

Bariatric surgery that involves construction of a small pouch in the stomach, emptying through a narrow opening into the stomach and doudenum.

Virilization

Masculine appearance of a woman due to a high excess of male hormones, with voice pitch deeper, musculature prominent, significant male pattern hair loss, significant reduction in breast size, and excessive facial and body hair. Adrenal or ovarian testosterone secreting tumors or other rare types of androgen disorders may cause this condition. It is not common for a woman with PCOS to be virilized.

Visceral

Pertaining to the internal organs.

Waist Circumference

A measurement around the waist commonly used to assess abdominal fat.

Weight Loss

Weight loss is a decrease in body weight resulting from either voluntary (diet, exercise) or involuntary (illness) circumstances. Most instances of weight loss happen due to the loss of body fat, but in cases of extreme or severe weight loss, protein and other substances in the body can also be depleted.

X Chromosome

The genetic informtion from our parents are carried on chromosomes. The X chromosome is one of 23 chromosomes and is present in males (XY) and females (XX).

Y Chromosome

The genetic information specific to males is carried on the X chromosome. Women do not have a Y chromosome.

Zygote

The stage of developement where an egg has been fertilized but not yet divided. After the genetic information has merged and cell division happens, the structure is called an embryo.

Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

A procedure where fertilized eggs are placed into the fallopian tube of a woman. This procedure requires laparoscopy and has become less common in favor of in vitro fertilization (IVF).

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