PCOS Article Footnotes

Acne and PCOS

(1) Br J Derm 1977, 97:561-6
(2) J Steroid Biochem 1984, 20:1089-93
(3) Med Hypoth 1995, 44:490-2
(4) Acta Derm Venerol 1984, 64:9-14
(5) Med J Austral 1990, 53:455-8
(6) Am Acad Dermatol 1987, 17:1033-41
(7) El-Akawi Z et al, Does the plasma level of vitamins A and E affect acne condition?, Clin Exp Dermatol, 2006; 31(3): 430-3.

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Biotin and PCOS

(1) Coggeshall JC, Heggers JP, Robson MC, et al. Biotin status and plasma glucose in diabetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985;447:389-92.
(2) Koutsikos D, Agroyannis B, Tzanatos-Exarchou H. Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 1990;44:511-4
(3) Maebashi M, Makino Y, Furukawa Y, Ohinata K, Kimura S, Sato T. Therapeutic evaluation of the effect of biotin on hyperglycemia in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 1993;14:211-218.
(4) Singer GM, Geohas J. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8:636-43.
(5) Revilla-Monsalve C et al, Biotin supplementation reduces plasma triacylglycerol and VLDL in type 2 diabetic patients and in nondiabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 May;60(4):182-5.
(6) Camacho FM, Garcia-Hernandez MJ. Zinc aspartate, biotin, and clobetasol propionate in the treatment of alopecia areata in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol 1999;16:336-8.
(7) Hochman LG et al, Brittle nails: response to daily biotin supplementation. Cutis. 1993;51(4):303-305
(8) Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000
(9) Koutsikos D et al, Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 1990;44(10):511-4.

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L-Carnitine and PCOS

(1) Foitzik K et al, L-carnitine-L-tartrate promotes human hair growth in vitro, Exp Dermatol. 2007 Nov;16(11):936-45.
(2) Stephens FB et al, New insights concerning the role of carnitine in the regulation of fuel metabolism in skeletal muscle, J Physiol. 2007 Jun 1;581(Pt 2):431-44.
(3) Reda E et al, The carnitine system and body composition, Acta Diabetol. 2003 Oct;40 Suppl 1:S106-13.
(4) Rajasekar P et al, Beneficial impact of L-carnitine in liver: a study in a rat model of syndrome X, Amino Acids. 2007 Aug 24 [Epub ahead of print]
(5) Power, RA et al, Carnitine revisited: potential use as adjunctive treatment in diabetes, Diabetologia. 2007 Apr;50(4):824-32.
(6) Rajasekar P et al, L-Carnitine inhibits protein glycation in vitro and in vivo: evidence for a role in diabetic management, Acta Diabetol. 2007 Jun;44(2):83-90.
(7) Lakhani K et al, Microvascular dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Hum Reprod. 2005 Nov;20(11):3219-24.
(8) Shankar SS et al, L-carnitine may attenuate free fatty acid-induced endothelial dysfunction, Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Nov;1033:189-97.
(9) Borum PR. Carnitine. Ann Rev Nutr 1983; 3: 233–259
(10) Warshaw JB, Curry E. Comparison of serum carnitine and ketone body concentrations in breast and in formula-fed infants. J Pediatr 1980; 97: 122–125

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Cinnamon and PCOS

(1) Khan A et al. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3215-8.
(2) Mang, B et al, Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2, Eur J Clin Invest, 2006; 36(5): 340-4.
(3) Wang JG, The effect of cinnamon extract on insulin resistance parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study, Fertil Steril. 2007 Feb 9; [Epub ahead of print]
(4) Vanschoonbeek K et al, Cinnamon supplementation does not improve glycemic control in postmenopausal type 2 diabetes patients. J Nutr 2006;136:977-80.

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Exercise and PCOS

1. Huber-Buchholz MM et al, Restoration of reproductive potential by lifestyle modification in obese polycystic ovary syndrome: role of insulin sensitivity and luteinizing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Apr;84(4):1470-4
2. Giannopoulou I, et al, Exercise is required for visceral fat loss in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, Dec 14, 2004
3. Randeva HS et al, Exercise decreases plasma total homocysteine in overweight young women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002. 87(10):4496-501
4. McAuley K et al, Intensive lifestyle changes are necessary to improve insulin sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial, Diabetes Care. 2002 Mar;25(3):445-52
5. Duncan GE et al, Exercise training, without weight loss, increases insulin sensitivity and postheparin plasma lipase activity in previously sedentary adults. Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):557-62
6. Ross R et al, Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obes Res. 2004 May, 12(5):789-98

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Fish Oil, Cod Liver Oil and PCOS

(1) Denkins, Y, Experimental Biology 2002 Conference, April 20-24 2002, www.faseb.org/meetings/eb2002
(2) Strolien, LH et al, Fish oil prevents insulin resistance induced by a high-fat feeding in rats, Sciuence, 1987, 21(237):885-8
(3) Festa, A et al, Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Reistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), Circulation, 2000, 4(102):42-7
(4) Cukier C et al, Biological activity of fish oil. Arq Gastroenterol 1996;33(3):173-8
(5) Hu FB, et al, Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women, JAMA. 2002, 10;287(14):1815-21
(6) Yosefy C, et al, The effect of fish oil on hypertension, plasma lipids and hemostasis in hypertensive, obese, dyslipidemic patients with and without diabetes mellitus Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999 Aug;61(2):83-7
(7) Harris WS, Dietary fish oil and blood lipids. Curr Opin Lipidol 1996 Feb;7(1):3-7.
(8) Sirtori CR, et al, N-3 fatty acids do not lead to an increased diabetic risk in patients with hyperlipidemia and abnormal glucose tolerance. Italian Fish Oil Multicenter Study Am J Clin Nutr 1997 Jun;65(6):1874-81.
(9) 27. Storlien LH, Jenkins AB, Chisholm DJ, et al. Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle triglyceride and omega-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipid. Diabetes 1991;40:280-289.
(10). Ajiro K, Sawamura M, Ikeda K, et al. Beneficial effects of fish oil on glucose metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000;27:412-415.
(11) Hibbeln JR, Salem N Jr. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: when cholesterol does not satisfy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jul;62(1):1-9
(12) Delarue J, Matzinger O, Binnert C, Schneiter P, Chiolero R, Tappy L. Fish oil prevents the adrenal activation elicited by mental stress in healthy men. Diabetes Metab. 2003 Jun;29(3):289-95

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Gymnema

1. Gymnema sylvestre. Altern Med Rev, 1999. 4(1): p. 46-7.
2. Persaud, S.J., et al., Gymnema sylvestre stimulates insulin release in vitro by increased membrane permeability. J Endocrinol, 1999. 163(2): p. 207-12.
3. Baskaran, K., et al., Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Ethnopharmacol, 1990. 30(3): p. 295-300.
4. Shanmugasundaram, E.R., et al., Use of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol, 1990. 30(3): p. 281-94.
5. Gymnema Sylvestre. 2008.
6. Glueck, C.J., et al., Metformin-induced resumption of normal menses in 39 of 43 (91%) previously amenorrheic women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism, 1999. 48(4): p. 511-9.
7. Treloar, A.E., et al., Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life. Int J Fertil, 1967. 12(1 Pt 2): p. 77-126.

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Diet-Inflammation-Weight-PCOS Link

1. Sonnenberg, L et al, Dietary patterns and the metabolic syndrome in obese and non-obese Framingham women, Obes Res. 2005 Jan;13(1):153-62.
2. Gonzalez, F et al, Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress in the development of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Oct 25; [Epub ahead of print]
3. Gonzalez, F et al, Hyperglycemia alters tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from mononuclear cells in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5336-42
4. King, DE et al, Relation of dietary fat and fiber to elevation of C-reactive protein, Am J Cardiol. 2003 Dec 1;92(11):1335-9
5. De Souza, CT et al, Consumption of a fat-rich diet activates a proinflammatory response and induces insulin resistance in the hypothalamus, Endocrinology. 2005 Oct;146(10):4192-9
6. Mozaffarian, D et al, Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):606-12
7. Lopez-Garcia, E et al, Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):562-6
8. Ajani, UA et al, Dietary fiber and C-reactive protein: findings from national health and nutrition examination survey data. J Nutr. 2004 May;134(5):1181-5.
9. Drevon, CA, Fatty acids and expression of adipokines, Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 30;1740(2):287-92
10. Lopez-Garcia, E et al, Consumption of (n-3) fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation in women. J Nutr. 2004 Jul;134(7):1806-11.
11. Tsuda, T et ai, Anthocyanin enhances adipocytokine secretion and adipocyte-specific gene expression in isolated rat adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 26;316(1):149-57.
12. Walston, J et al, Serum Antioxidants, Inflammation, and Total Mortality in Older Women, Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Nov 23; [Epub ahead of print]
13. van Herpen-Broekmans, WM et al, Serum carotenoids and vitamins in relation to markers of endothelial function and inflammation. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19(10):915-21
14. Esposito, K et al, Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1440-6

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Hirsutism

(1) Carmina, E, Anti-androgens for the treatment of hirsutism, Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 2002, 11(3):357-63
(2) Bernasconi D et al, The impact of obesity on hormonal parameters in hirsute and nonhirsute women, Metabolism, 1996, 45(1):72-5
(3) Knowler, W et al, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, NEJM, 2002, 346:393-403
(4) Liao S, The medicinal action of androgens and green tea epigallocatechin gallate, Hong Kong Med J, 2001, 7(4):369-74AB
(5) Kiddy, D et al, Improvement in endocrine and ovarian functin during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Clin Endocrinol, 1992, 36(1):105-11
(6) McCarty MF, Complementary measures for promoting insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, Med Hypotheses, 1998, 51(6):451-64
(7) Hartman TJ et al, Association between serum alpha-tocopherol and serum androgens and estrogens in older men, Nutr Cancer, 1999;35(1):10-5
(8) Sugimoto, Y et al, Cations inhibit specifically type I 5-alpha-reductase found in human skin, J Invest Dermatol, 1995, 104(5):775-8
(9) Stamatiadis, D et al, Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid, Br J Dermatol, 1988, 119(5):627-32
(10) Leklem, J, Vitamin B6, Modern nutrition in health and disease, 8th ed., Lea & Febiger, 1994, p.384
(11) Bermond, P, Therapy of side effects of oral contraceptive agents with vitamin B6, Acta Vitaminol Enzymol, 1982, 4(1-2):45-54
(12) McIntosh, EN, Treatment of women with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with pyridoxine (vitamin B6), J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1976, 42(6):1192-5
(13) Vescovi, PP et al, Pyridoxine (Vit. B6) decreases opioids-induced hyperprolactinemia, Horm Metabol Res, 1985, 17:46-7
(14) Bender, D et al, Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency and repletion on the uptake of steroid hormones into uterus slices and isolated liver cells of rats, Br J Nutr, 1989, 61(3):619-28
(15) Levin RM, A scientific basis for the therapeutic effects of pygeum africanum and serenoa repens,Urol Res, 2000, 28(3):201-9
(16) Krzeski T et al, Combined extracts of urtica dioica and pygeum africanum in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: double-blind comparison of two doses, Clin Ther, 1993, 15(6):1011-20
(17) Koch E, Extracts from fruits of saw palmetto (sabal serrulata) and roots of stinging nettle (urtica dioica): viable alternatives in the medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower rrinary tract symptoms, Planta Med, 2001, 67(6):489-500
(18) Dunne Boggs, N, Personal communications, Clinical Support Network, 2002
(19) Marshall, K, Polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical considerations, Altern Med Rev, 2001 6(3):272-92
(20) Speroff, I et al, Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility, 6th ed., Lippincott William & Wilkins, 1999, p. 544
(21) McAuley, K et al, Intensive lifestyle changes are necessary to improve insulin sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial, Diabetes Care, 2002, 25(3):445-52

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Infertility

(1) Thatcher, SS, "PCOS: The Hidden Epidemic", Perspective Press, 2000, p.378
(2) Thatcher, SS, "PCOS: The Hidden Epidemic", 2000, Perspective Press, p.210
(3) Furuhjelm, et al, The quality of human semen in spontaneous abortion, International J of Fertility, 1962, 7:17-21
(4) Ward, N, Foresight 1990-1993 study of preconceptual care and pregnancy outcome, J Nutr Environ Med, 1995, 5:205-8
(5) Paulus, et al., Influence of acupuncture on the pregnancy rate in patients who undergo assisted reproduction therapy, Fertility and Sterility, 2002, 77(4)
(6) Domar, A, et al, "Healing Mind, Healthy Woman", Henry Holt and Co., 1996, pp. 255-257

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Inflammation, PCOS and Your Weight

1. Kelly, CC et al, Low grade chronic inflammation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jun;86(6):2453-5
2. Mohlig, M et al, The polycystic ovary syndrome per se is not associated with increased chronic inflammation, Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Apr;150(4):525-32
3. Puder, JJ et al, Central fat excess in polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov;90(11):6014-21
4. Orio Jr., F et al, The increase of leukocytes as a new putative marker of low-grade chronic inflammation and early cardiovascular risk in polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):2-5
5. Ibanez, L et al, High neutrophil count in girls and women with hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism: normalization with metformin and flutamide overcomes the aggravation by oral contraception, Hum Reprod. 2005 Jun 23; [Epub ahead of print]
6. Sonnenberg, GE et al, A novel pathway to the manifestations of metabolic syndrome, Obes Res. 2004 Feb;12(2):180-6
7. Miner JL, The adipocyte as an endocrine cell. J Anim Sci. 2004 Mar;82(3):935-41
8. Trayhurn, P et al, Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity, Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Oct;33(Pt 5):1078-81
9. Skurk, T et al, Production and release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor from human adipocytes, Endocrinology. 2005 Mar;146(3):1006-11
10. Weisberg, SP et al, Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue, J Clin Invest. 2003 Dec;112(12):1796-808
11. Bjorbaek, C et al, Identification of SOCS-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance, Mol Cell. 1998 Mar;1(4):619-25
12. Bjorbaek, C et al, The role of SOCS-3 in leptin signaling and leptin resistance. J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 15;274(42):30059-65
13. Farrell, GC, Signalling links in the liver: Knitting SOCS with fat and inflammation, J Hepatol. 2005 Jul;43(1):193-6
14. Emanuelli, B et al, SOCS-3 inhibits insulin signaling and is up-regulated in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the adipose tissue of obese mice, J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 21;276(51):47944-9
15. Senn, JJ et al, Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a potential mediator of interleukin-6-dependent insulin resistance in hepatocytes, J Biol Chem, 2003 Apr 18;278(16):13740-6
16. Silswal, N et al, Human resistin stimulates the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-12 in macrophages by NF-kappaB-dependent pathway, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Sep 9;334(4):1092-101
17. Bokarewa, M et al, Resistin, an adipokine with potent proinflammatory properties, J Immunol. 2005 May 1;174(9):5789-95
18. Steppan, CM et al, Activation of SOCS-3 by resistin, Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Feb;25(4):1569-75
19. Lehrke, M et al, An inflammatory cascade leading to hyperresistinemia in humans, PLoS Med. 2004 Nov;1(2):e45. Epub 2004 Nov 30
20. Seow, KM et al, Serum and adipocyte resistin in polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance, Hum Reprod. 2004 Jan;19(1):48-53
21. Boulman, N et al, Increased C-reactive protein levels in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a marker of cardiovascular disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2160-5
22. De Maat, MP et al, Determinants of C-reactive protein concentration in blood, Ital Heart J. 2001 Mar;2(3):189-95
23. Sabuncu, T et al, Oxidative stress in polycystic ovary syndrome and its contribution to the risk of cardiovascular disease, Clin Biochem. 2001 Jul;34(5):407-13
24. Ogihara, T et al, Oxidative stress induces insulin resistance by activating the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway and disrupting normal subcellular distribution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Diabetologia. 2004 May;47(5):794-805
25. Iborra, A et al, Oxidative stress and autoimmune response in the infertile woman, Chem Immunol Allergy. 2005;88:150-62
26. Block, G et al, Factors associated with oxidative stress in human populations, Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Aug 1;156(3):274-85

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D-Chiro Inositol and PCOS

(1) Kawa, JM et al, Buckwheat concentrate reduces serum glucose in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Dec 3;51(25):7287-91.
(2) Nestler, JE et al, Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome, Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 29;340(17):1314-20.
(3) Iuorno, MJ et al, Effects of d-chiro-inositol in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, Endocr Pract. 2002 Nov-Dec;8(6):417-23.
(4) Gerli S et al, Effects of inositol on ovarian function and metabolic factors in women with PCOS: a randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Nov-Dec;7(6):151-9

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Metformin

(1) Thatcher, S, PCOS: The Hidden Epidemic, Perspectives Press, 2000, p.156
(2) Damico, C et al, eds., Nursing 2002, Drug Handbook, 22nd Ed, Springhouse Publishers, 2002, p.779
(3) Nestler, JE et al, Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome, N Engl J Med, 1996, 335(9):657-8
(4) Kolodziejezyk, B et al, Metformin therapy decreases hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, 2000, Fertil Steril, 73(6):1149-54
(5) Knowler, WC et al, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(6):393-403
(6) Glueck, CJ et al, Metformin-induced resumption of normal menses in 39 of 43 (91%) previously amenorrheic women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Metabolism, 1999, 48:511-519
(7) Glueck, CJ et al, Metformin to restore normal menses in oligo-amenorrheic teenage girls with polycystic ovary sundrome (PCOS), J Adolesc Health, 2001, 29(3):160-9
(8) Heard, MJ et al, Pregnancies following use of metformin for ovulation induction in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 2002, 77(4):669-73
(9) Jakubowicz, DJ et al, Effects of metformin on early pregnancy loss in the polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002, 87(2):524-9
(10) Glueck, CJ et al, Metformin therapy throughout pregnancy reduces the development of gestational diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 2002, 77(3):520-5
(11) Greenway, F, Obesity medications and the treatment of type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Technol Ther, 1999, 1(3):277-87.
(12) Adams, JF et al, Malabsorption of vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor secretion during biguanide therapy, Diabetologia, 1983, 24(1):16-8
(13) McCarty, MF, Toward practical prevention of type 2 diabetes, Med Hypotheses, 2000, 54(5):786-93
(14) Desouza, C et al, Drugs affecting homocysteine metabolism: impact on cardiovascular risk, Drugs, 2002, 62(4):605-16
(15) Vrbikova, J et al, Homocysteine and steroids levels in metformin treated women with polycystic ovary sundrome, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 2002, 110(2):74-6
(16) Regland B, et al, Increased concentrations of homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, Scand J Rheumatol, 1997; 26(4):301-7.
(17) Parsons RB, et al, In vitro effect of the cysteine metabolites homocysteic acid, homocysteine and cysteic acid upon human neuronal cell lines, Neurotoxicology, 1998. 19(4-5):599-603.
(18) Weinstein, SJ et al, Elevated serum homocysteine levels and increased risk of invasive cervical cancer in U.S. women, Cancer Causes Control, 2001, 12(4):317-24
(19) Selhub, J, Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and one carbon metabolism, J Nutr Health Aging, 2002, 6(1):39-42
(20) 31. Sorensen TK, et al, Elevated second-trimester serum homocyst(e)ine levels and subsequent risk of preeclampsia, Gynecol Obstet Invest, 1999, 48(2):98-103
(21) Nelen, WL, et al, Hyperhomocysteinemia and recurrent early pregnancy loss: a meta-analysis, Fertil Steril, 2000, 74(6):1196-9
(22) 30. Steegers-Theunissen RP, et al, Study on the presence of homocysteine in ovarian follicular fluid, Fertil Steril, 1993, 60(6):1006-10
(23) Callaghan, TS et al, Megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 malabsorption associated with long-term metformin treatment, Br Med J, 1980, 280(6225):1214-5
(24) Boss, A et al, Living With PCOS, Addicus Books, 2001, p. 58
(25) Scarpello, JH et al, Effects of metformin on bile salt circulation and intestinal motility in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabet Med, 1998, 15(8):651-6
(26) Allgayer, H et al, Effects of bile acids on base hydroxylation in a model of human colonic mucosal DNA, Cancer Detect Prev, 2002, 26(1):85-9
(27) Barone, M et al, Demonstration of a direct stimulatory effect of bile salts on rat colonic epithelial cell proliferation, Scand J Gastroenterol, 2002, 37(1):88-94
(28) Dias, VC et al, Bile salts determine leukotriene B4 synthesis in a human intestinal cell line (CaCo-2), Dig Dis Sci, 1994, 39(4):802-8
(29) Fegundes-Neto, U et al, Bile salt-enhanced rat jejunal absorption of a macromolecular tracer, Lab Invest, 1981, 44(1):18-26
(30) Goldin, BR et al, Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 1994, Lea & Beger, pp. 577-80
(31) Linday, LA, Trivalent chromium and the diabetes prevention program, Med Hypotheses, 1997, 49(1):47-9
(32) McCarty, MF, Exploiting complementary therapeutic strategies for the treatment of type II diabetes and prevention of its complications, Med Hypotheses, 1997, 49(2):143-52
(33) McCarty, MF, Hepatothermic therapy of obesity: rationale and an inventory of resources, Med Hypotheses, 2001, 57(3):324-36
(34) Fulghesu, AM et al, N-acetyl-cysteine treatment improves insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil Steril, 2002, 77(6):1128-35
(35) Kelly, GS, Insulin resistance: lifestyle and nutritional interventions, Altern Med Rev, 2000, 5(2):109-32
(36) Nestler JE et al, Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome, N Engl J Med, 1999, 29;340(17):1314-20
(37) Bauman, WA et al, Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin, Diabetes Care, 2000, 23(9):1227-31

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Miscarriage

Glueck, CJ et al, Polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, familial thrombophilia, familial hypofibrinolysis, recurrent loss of in vitro fertilized embryos, and miscarriage, Fertil Steril, 2000, 74(2):394-7
George, L et al, Plasma folate levels and risk of spontaneous abortion, JAMA, 2002, 288(15):1867-73
LaTasha, B et al, Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, Fertil Steril, 2002, 78:487-90
Oakeshott, P et al, Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation: prospective community based cohort study, BMJ, 2002, 325(7376):1334
Thatcher, SS, "PCOS: The Hidden Epidemic", 2000, Perspective Press
Crinnion, WJ, Environmental medicine, part 1: the human burden of environmental toxins and their common health effects, 2000, 5(1):52-63
Leoni V, et al, PCB and other organochlorine compounds in blood of women with or without miscarriage: a hypothesis of correlation, Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 1989, 17:1-11.
Westergarrd, L et al, Suppressed LH in IVF cycles related to miscarriage, Human Reproduction, 2000, 15:1003-8
Shoham, Z et al, Luteinizing hormone: it's role, mechanism of action, and detrimental effects when hypersecreted during the follicular phase, Fertil Steril, 1993, 59(6):1153-61
Tulppala, M et al, Polycystic ovaries and levels of gonadotrophins and androgens in recurrent miscarriage, Br J Obst Gyn, 1993, 100(4):348-52
Bussen, S et al, Endocrine abnormalities during the follicular phase in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions, 1999, Human Reproduction, 14(1):18-20
Hirahara, F et al, Hyperprolactinemic recurrent miscarriage and results of randomized bromocriptine treatment trials, Fertil Steril, 1998, 70(2):246-52
Glueck, CJ, et al, Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study, Fertil Steril, 2001, 75(1):46-52
Cano, F et al, Oocyte quality in polycystic ovaries revisited: identification of a particular subgroup of women, J Assist Reprod Genet, 1997, 14(5):254-61
Marks, J, Critical appraisal of the therapeutic value of alpha-tocopherol, Vit Horm, 1962, 20:573-98
Weed, S, Wise Woman Herbal for the Childbearing Years, 1986, Ashtree Publishing, Woodstock, NY

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NAC (N-Acetyl-Cysteine)

(1) N-acetyl-cysteine treatment improves insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fulghesu AM, et al, Fertil Steril 2002 Jun;77(6):1128-35
(2) Ventura P, et al, Urinary and plasma homocysteine and cysteine levels during prolonged oral N-acetylcysteine therapy, Pharmacology, 2003 Jun;68(2):105-14
(3) Rizk, AY et al, N-acetyl-cysteine is a novel adjuvant to clomiphene citrate in clomiphene citrate-resistant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2005 Feb;83(2):367-70
(4) Badaway A et al, N-Acetyl cysteine and clomiphene citrate for induction of ovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-over trial, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(2):218-22.
(5) Basyigit I, Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on peroxidative changes of the fetal rat lungs whose mothers were exposed to cigarette smoke, Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Feb;26(2):99-103
(6) Wilkes JM, Acetaminophen overdose in pregnancy, South Med J. 2005 Nov;98(11):1118-22

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Pinitol

(1) Baillargeon JP et al, Altered D-chiro-inositol urinary clearance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006;29:300-305.
(2) Nestler, JE et al, Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome, Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 29;340(17):1314-20.
(3) Davis A et al, Effect of pinitol treatment on insulin action in subjects with insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1000-1005.
(4) Kim JI et al, Effects of pinitol isolated from soybeans on glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean patients with type II diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:456-458
(5) Davis A, Christiansen M, Horowitz JF, Klein S, Hellerstein MK, Ostlund RE Jr. Effect of pinitol treatment on insulin action in subjects with insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1000-1005

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Slentiva

1. Hirschberg AL et al, Impaired cholecystokinin secretion and disturbed appetite regulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2004 Aug;19(2):79-87
2. Zwirska-Korczala K, et al, Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome, J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;58 Suppl 1:13-35
3. Hill AJ et al, Oral administration of proteinase inhibitor II from potatoes reduces energy intake in man, Physiol Behav. 1990 Aug;48(2):241-6

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Stress

1. Berga, SL et al, The diagnosis and treatment of stress-induced anovulation, Minerva Ginecol, 2005, 57(1):45-54
2. Epel ES, et al, Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat, Psychosom Med 2000 Sep-Oct;62(5):623-32
3. Epel, E, et al, Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior, Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001 Jan;26(1):37-49
4. Berga SL et al, Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea but not other forms of anovulation display amplified cortisol concentrations. Fertil Steril. 1997 Jun;67(6):1024-30
5. Nepomnaschy PA et al, Stress and female reproductive function: a study of daily variations in cortisol, gonadotrophins, and gonadal steroids in the rural Mayan population, Am J Hum Biol, 2004, 16(5):523-32
6. Dole N et al, Maternal stress and preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Jan 1;157(1):14-24
7. Oths KS et al, A prospective study of psychosocial job strain and birth outcomes. Epidemiology. 2001 Nov;12(6):744-6
8. Mulder EJ et al, Prenatal maternal stress: effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Hum Dev. 2002 Dec;70(1-2):3-14
9. Gallinelli A et al, Immunological changes and stress are associated with different implantation rates in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer, Fert Steril, 2001, 76(1):85-91
10. Paredes A et al, Stress promotes development of ovarian cysts in rats: the possible role of sympathetic nerve activation, Endocrine, 1998, 8(3):309-315
11. Kitzinger, C et al, The thief of womanhood: women’s experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome, Soc Sci Med 2002 Feb;54(3):349-61

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Vitamin D

(1) Thys-Jacobs S, Donovan D, Papadopoulos A, Sarrel P, Bilezikian JP. Vitamin D and calcium dysregulation in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Steroids 1999;64:430-435.
(2) Hahn, S et al, Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations are Associated with Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006 Nov;114(10):577-83
(3) Panidis, D et al, Serum parathyroid hormone concentrations are increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Clin Chem, 2006, 51(9):1691-7
(4) Raghuramulu N et al, Vitamin D improves oral glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in human diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 1992;13:45-51.
(5) Borissova AM et al, The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pract 2003;57:258-261.
(6) Chiu, KC et al, Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 2004; 79:820-825
(7) Armas LAG et al, Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:5387-5391.

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Vitex (Chasteberry)

(1) Loch, EG [Gynaecology in practice - A sure choice of therapy], Tjherapiewoche, 1993, 43(48):2577-80
(2) Loch, E, et al, [Diagnosis and treatment of dyshormonal menstrual periods in the general practice], Gynakol Praxis, 1990, 14(3):489-95
(3) Propping, D et al, [Treatment of corpus luteum insufficiency], Zeitscchrift Fur Allgemein, 1987, 63:932-3
(3) Milewicz A, et al, [Vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of luteal phase defects due to latent hyperprolactinaemia. Results of a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study], Arzniem-Forschung, 1993, 43(II-7):752-6
(4) Roeder, D, [Therapy of cyclical disorders with vitex agnus castus], Zeiterschrift fur Phytotherapie, 1994, 15(3):157-63
(5) Bleier, VW, Therapie von zyklus-und blutungsstrorungen und weiteren endokrin bedingten erkrankungen der frau mit pflanzlichen wirkstoffen, Zbl Gynakologie, 1959, 18:701-9
(6) Giss, G et al, Phytotherapeutische behandlung der akne, Haut-und Gesch, 1968, 43:645

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Weight Loss

(1) Wright, CE et al, Dietary intake, physical activity, and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Int J Obes Relat Metab Discord, 2004, 28(8):1026-32
(2)Holte, J, Polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance: thrifty genes struggling with over-feeding and sedentary life style?, J Endocrinol Invest, 1998, 21(9):589-601
(3)San Millan, S et al, Association of the polycystic ovary syndrome with genomic variants related to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004, 89(6):2640-6
(4) Friedman JM, A war on obesity, not the obese. Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):856-8
(5) Havel, PJ, Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis, Exp Biology and Medicine, 2001, 226:963-977.
(6)Schwartz MW et al, Reduced insulin secretion: an independent predictor of body weight gain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1995, 80:1571–1576
(7) Jequier E, Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2002, Jun,967:379-88
(8) Banks, WA et al, Triglycerides induce leptin resistance at the blood-brain barrier. Diabetes. 2004 May;53(5):1253-60
(9) Wasko, R et al, Elevated ghrelin plasma levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, Horm Metab Res. 2004 Mar;36(3):170-3
(10) Schofl C, Circulating ghrelin levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2002, 87(10):4607-10
(11) Moran, LJ et al, Ghrelin and measures of satiety are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome but not differentially affected by diet composition, J Clin Endocinol Metab, 2004, 89(7):3337-44
(12) Linden-Hirschberg AL et al, Impaired cholecystokinin secretion and disturbed appetite regulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Gynecol Endocrinol. 2004 Aug;19(2):79-87

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